Breast Cancer What are My Options - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2542 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/02/06 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Topics: Breast Cancer Essay Did you like this example? DIAGNOSTICS (METHODS AND APPROACHES) Diagnostics is an expression that is derived from the word diagnosis. During the diagnosis process, it is advisable for a patient to seek multidisciplinary management so as to get accurate results and analysis. In a lay man’s language, multidisciplinary management is a form of patient care that entails the use of several disciplines and visiting different health professionals such as nurses, doctors, occupational therapists and psychologists (Radice Redaelli, 2003). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Breast Cancer What are My Options" essay for you Create order In such a case, health professionals work in a parallel manner so as to get consistent results and analysis. The most prevalent form of diagnosis or detecting breast cancer during the early stages is screening. In a lay man’s language, breast cancer screening is a procedure that involves a patient undergoing breast medical check ups before any symptoms or signs of the disorder. Essentially women who undergo screening are unlikely to suffer or die from breast cancer as compared to other women who do not take screening tests seriously. The effectiveness of the screening process widely depends on how frequent a woman visits a clinic or a hospital. A majority of medical experts suggest that the screening ought to be done at least every 3 – 1 years starting as early as age 20. By the age of 40 years, screening should be done at least once a year (Chang Weiner Hartman Horvath Jeste Mischel Kado, 2018). The only disadvantage associated with this form of diagnosis is false results which may force one to undergo more screening. This might turn out to be expensive and the patient may also subject themselves to more health risks due to radiation. Unlike screening, breast cancer staging is a rather long process that requires a lot of medical operations to assert whether or not one is a victim of the disorder. To begin with, one must undergo a physical exam. During the examination, the health expert asks several medical questions and reviews analysis and results done by different physicians or procedures. Reviewing results is manly done for patients who have been treated from the disorder. After the physical examination and review of results, a patient is subjected to either blood tests or breast – imaging tests (Chlebowski Aiello McTiernan, 2002). The reason as to why blood tests are important is that it helps medical practitioners to identify the medical condition or status of their patients. On the other side, breast – imaging tests are relatively important on the grounds that they help in determining the level or stage of cancer. In the event where breast cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body, there is a need for additional image – tests. Thereafter conducting a critical research and analysis, breast cancer has four stages. They include; stage 0, I, II, III and IV. Each stage is characterized with the intensity of cell growths and tumors. For instance, a small tumor can be categorized under stage I. As the tumor grows and the cells continue to sub – divide, there is an upward progression from stage I onto stage II. If left untreated or unattended during the early stages, the disorder can progress from stage I till stage IV. Very few patients in their late stages of the disorder can be able to survive this international pandemic. As mentioned earlier, more than 230,000 women are likely to be infected with breast cancer this year. On t he positive side, this disorder can easily be prevented. In America there are more than 3 million breast cancer survivors. Unlike other common forms of disorder that can easily be regulated through certain health practices and operations, breast cancer cannot be prevented easily. Reflective of medical analysis and reports, it has been established that the only way to prevent breast cancer is to avoid risk factors that are associated with the disease. In a lay man’s language, the expression risk factor refers to anything that increases the chances of contracting a disease. To begin, age is the common risk factor. Essentially as one gets older, the chances of contracting the disease seem to multiply. Inherently this is the main reason why women who are above 50 years are advised to go for screening at least once in a year (Chang Weiner Hartman Horvath Jeste Mischel Kado, 2018). Reflective of this scenario, the best way to prevent the growth and development of breast cance r is constantly going for screening since age is a natural process that no one has control of. Another risk factor that is associated with breast cancer is lack of exercise and being overweight. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is very important when it comes to preventing breast cancer. According to a recent medical survey and analysis, it was established that overweight women who do not participate in any forms of exercises are prone or susceptible to the disorder as compared to women who engage in exercises and maintain a weight balance in relation to their age and height (Chlebowski Aiello McTiernan, 2002). Based on this medical information and report, it can easily be established that breast cancer among women can be prevented by encouraging women to keep track of their weight and engaging in different forms of exercises. Fundamentally exercises are very important on the grounds that they help in breaking down fats and oils and keeping the body physically fit. Unhealthy foods, drinks and cigarrete smoking are also leading factors in breast cancer. According to medical experts, drinks such as alcohol and beer increase the risks of a woman developing breast cancer due hormonal reactions. Foods that increase the tendency of a woman contracting breast cancer are sugar, artificial sweeteners, dairy products, grilled meat and animal products that contain a lot of fat such as eggs and red meat (Siegel Miller Jemal, 2017). On the other side, smoking also leads to breast cancer since it affects normal hormonal functions. Reflective of the information above, it can easily be established that breast cancer among women can be prevented or monitored by avoiding the indicated foods, regulating or quitting smoking. From a general point of view, breast cancer among women can be prevented by engaging in frequent exercises, taking foods and drinks that do not affect with the bodies hormonal process, quit smoking and cutting on weight. However, it is relatively important for one to comprehend that the ideas discussed above serve to help one reduce the risk of contracting the disease as breast cancer cannot be avoided. In some instances it is very difficult to prevent breast cancer as it is may be caused by risk factors that cannot be prevented such as ethnicity/race and genetics. In regards to several medical researches and experiments conducted recently, it has been established time and again that White women are likely to contract breast cancer as compared to Asian, black and Hispanic women. When it comes to genetics, it is estimated that about 10 -5 % of breast cancer among women is hereditary (Yates Knappskog Wedge Farmery Martincorena Gundem, 2017). Practically this means that the disorde r is some – how common among women who hail from families that have one or more people who have been diagnosed with it. TREATMENT OPTIONS In regards to treatment, breast cancer can be attended using several treatment options. They include; radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy and lumpectomy also known as mastectomy. Thanks to the treatment options mentioned above, there are more than 3 million women who have survived from breast cancer in America only. Below is detailed discussion on each of the indicated treatment options. Lumpectomy, mastectomy Lumpectomy commonly known as breast segmental resection is a form of treatment that involves the surgical removal of a lump that has formed in the breast (National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2016). From a general perspective, most people prefer lumpectomy as compared to mastectomy since it is a more conservationist method. Mastectomy is a treatment method that involves the surgical removal of the breast or the area that has been affected by the cancerous cells. Mastectomy is normally applied in the event where cancerous cells have spread and divided to form a huge lump that cannot be easily removed without interfering with physical stature of the breast (National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2016). As much as lumpectomy is the more common of the two methods, it is important to ascertain the idea that mastectomy is the safest method as no cancerous cells are left behind. Hormone therapy Just as the name suggests, hormone therapy is a treatment therapy that involves the use of hormones to treat cancer. Hormone therapy also known as hormonal therapy or endocrine therapy is a form of treatment that works by inducing hormones into the body of a patient for purposes of stopping or slowing cancer from growing (Chang Weiner Hartman Horvath Jeste Mischel Kado, 2018). Fundamentally hormonal therapy in breast cancer is important on the grounds that it makes the tumor much smaller before radiation therapy and surgery. Hormonal therapy is also important on the grounds that it lowers or minimizes the risk that cancerous cells will ever come back, destroy any cells that have remained in the body. Reflective of this argument, it is clearly obvious that hormonal therapy is vital in that it helps in reducing lump sizes and the risk of the cancer from spreading or ever coming back. Radiation Radio – therapy commonly known as radiation is a form breast cancer treatment that involves the destruction of cancer cells that might have remained in the breasts after the surgery process (National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2016). As much as people fear radio – therapy, this is the most effective way to ensure that any cell remnants in the breast are cleared off. Fundamentally radio – therapy processes involve the use of a special beam of energy such as x – rays and light rays to destroy the cancer cells. This beams are largely invisible to the human eye yet they are very significant when it comes to destroying the DNA of cancerous cells. As much as radiation affects cancer and normal cells, it is of relative importance to note that the rays affect cancer cells much more. Based on medical reports and examination, radiation is very important since it helps in reducing the chances of the disorder from re –occurring especially after surgery (National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2016). As much as a surgeon might be able to remove all cancer cells in the breast of a patient, it is not a guaranteed that the disorder might never come back. A single remnant of the cells might cause a risk in the re – occurrence of the disorder. For purposes of avoiding any remnant cells from growing and developing to form a lump, there is a constant need for a patient to undergo radiation. Finally research has it that patients who undergo radiation are likely to live much longer and remain free from cancer as compared to other patients who fail to undergo the process. Chemotherapy Unlike hormonal therapy which involves the induction of hormones into the body system, chemotherapy is a form of breast cancer treatment whereby the cancer cells are monitored, regulated and destroyed after the patient is subjected to drugs. Chemotherapy popularly known as chemo also works to either treat breast cancer if it is detected in its early stages or ease the symptoms of cancer in the event where breast cancer has been detected at a late stage (National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2016). When it comes to easing pain, chemo is used to stop tumors from growing as well as ease the pain that comes along with the disorder. It is of relative importance to note that chemotherapy may also be used with other forms of treatment so as to increase the survival odd of a patient. For instance, chemotherapy may be used in conjunction with radiation therapy and radiation. Reflective of this scenario, chemotherapy is used in shrinking the size of the tumor just before the indicated forms o f treatment. Drugs administered during chemotherapy can be introduced to a patient through different means. To begin with, oral treatment comes in form of capsules, pills and liquids that one is supposed to swallow. In regards to the Intravenous (IV) mode of treatment, the chemo goes into the vein while injection entails the administration of shots into the hip, thigh or muscle of the patient. Intraperitoneal chemo goes into peritoneal cavities while intra – arterial chemo goes into an artery that is responsible for causing cancer (National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2016). Finally topical chemo comes in special cream that is designated for rubbing on the skin. In special cases, chemotherapy may be administered through ports, catheters and pumps. The type of medical treatment to be applied depends on the level of breast cancer or the patient’s suitability. For purpose of knowing whether the chemo is working, there is a need to visit a physician who will conduct physical examinati ons, medical tests (blood tests and scans). ADVANTAGES OF MEDICAL TREATMENTS Undergoing medical treatments is very beneficial when it comes to the health of the person infected with breast cancer. To begin with, the medical treatments offer an increased quality to life and health. Reflective of this example, the indicated treatment options all serve to fight the cancer cells. Lack of undergoing this forms of treatment means that the infected person is likely to suffer in bad health and consequently succumb to the disease. The indicated treatment options are also beneficial on the grounds that they help in reducing the size and growth of the tumor (lumps) in the breast. ? DISADVANTAGES As much as undergoing the indicated treatments is beneficial to the health of a patient. It is also safe to ascertain the idea that these treatments have their own disadvantages. Hence, the treatments are responsible for unknown side – effects that are responsible for numerous body stresses. A majority of breast cancer patients who undergo either of these treatment options mentioned above are perceived to be stressful and in bad mood. Another disadvantage of the indicated treatment options is that they are very expensive. Very few people can be able to afford and keep up with the expenses that come along with these treatments. Most lower class and lower middle class people cannot afford this treatment. CONCLUSION In conclusion, breast cancer is a form of cancer that affects women. Predominantly this form of cancer is characterized with the growth and multiplication of cancerous cells within the breast. In regards to treatment, breast cancer can be cured so long as it is detected early. Examples of treatment options that are available for treating the disorder are lumpectomy, mastectomy, chemotherapy, radiation and hormone therapy also known as endocrine therapy or hormonal therapy. As much as breast cancer has different treatment options, it is safe to state that there are advantages and disadvantages that are associated with it. Reflective of the advantages, the treatment options lead to increased life quality and a reduction of the lump and tumor sizes. When it comes to the disadvantages, the treatment options indicated are very expensive and very few people can afford. The treatment options also have side – effects that are not well known. A majority of this side – effects affect the normal functioning of the body leading to body stresses and poor health generally. Breast cancer is a killer disease that should be seriously campaigned against as women all over the world daily due to the disease.

Essay on Jacksonian Democracy - 1049 Words

Jacksonian Democracy Andrew Jackson began a whole new era in American history. Amongst his greatest accomplishments were evoking the common man to be interested in government and tailoring democracy to satisfy the same common man’s needs. Of course, Jackson could not go about making such radical changes without supporters, but that never surfaced as a problem. Jacksonian Democrats, as they came to be called, were great in number during the 1820’s and 1830’s. They advocated all of the issues that President Jackson did, and did so with great vigor. They thought of themselves very highly because they recognized their responsibilities as American citizens. They realized that as political leaders they had a true purpose- to protect†¦show more content†¦Another such instance that dealt with monopoly and equality of economic opportunity was the Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge case in 1837. In it, Chief Justice Taney ruled that new enterprises could not be confined by the implied privileges of old charters, in an effort to allow for competition and free enterprise. Political democracy was one of the resurfacing interests during the Jacksonian Era. Jacksonian Democrats saw it as their duty to protect the government run by the people, as the Constitution had intended it, the results of which could be seen everywhere. Government had been thought of as something for the few aristocrats, not the general population. This notion ended when Jackson’s spoils system accompanied by his policy of rotation in office allowed more people to become involved in government by rewarding political supporters with offices. This heightened the interest of the general population in government in both good and bad ways. Voter turnout doubled in the election of 1828, but some elections, for example those in the accounts in The Diary of Philip Hone, resulted in riots over heated issues. During Jackson’s time, democracy took on a much fuller meaning of rule by t he people when almost all property requirements for voters were eliminated, allowing for even more involvement. As Harriet Martineau evinces in her work, Society in America, the majority of America during the Jacksonian timeShow MoreRelatedJacksonian Democracy1151 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Jacksonian Democrats viewed themselves as the guardians of the United States Constitution, political democracy, individual liberty, and equality of economic opportunity. In light of the following documents and your knowledge of the 1820s and 1830s, to what extent do you agree with the Jacksonians view of themselves? Andrew Jackson began a whole new era in American history. Amongst his greatest accomplishments were evoking the common man to be interested in government and tailoringRead MoreThe Age Of Jackson And Jacksonian Democracy1140 Words   |  5 PagesA. The usual labels The Age of Jackson and Jacksonian Democracy analyze Andrew Jackson with the age in which he lived and with the improvement of political democracy. This esteem may amplify his importance, but it also endorses the important truth that Jackson extremely contributed to building the American nation and its politics. Just as contemporaneous artists so regularly characterized him astride his horse overlooking the battlefield, Jackson bestride some of the key streams of nineteenth-centuryRead More Jacksonian Democracy Essay987 Words   |  4 Pages Jacksonian Democracy nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jacksonian (Democracy, Society, etc.) is a term used to describe reform during the time of Andrew Jackson’s Presidency. Specifically Jacksonian Democracy refers to â€Å"the general extension of democracy that characterized U.S. politics from 1824 to 1828.† Jacksonian Democracy and its support came primarily from the lower classes as a rebellion of sorts apposing the aristocracy. 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Galvin AP USH Period 1 Jacksonian Democracy DBQ The Jacksonian democracy of the 1820s-1830s is often associated with an expansion of the political influence, economic opportunities, and social equality available to â€Å"the common man,† a concept of the masses which President Andrew Jackson and his newly founded Democratic party came to represent. The new administration certainly saw gains for the majority; namely, public participation in government increased to unprecedented

Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders

Question: Discuss about the Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders. Answer: Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus occur due to the disorders in metabolic processes and if left without treatment, it might lead to very high concentration of sugar in the blood called glucose. The management of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) for both type 1 and 2 requires the addressing of several goals which primarily includes the glycemic control and is aimed at restoring the metabolism of carbohydrate to a normal state (Shrivastava, Shrivastava Ramasamy, 2013). Maintenance of the glycemic control in the patients with DM prevents the macrovascular and microvascular complications that are associated with the disease. This essay will critically appraise three research articles for determining the management of DM. To demonstrate the argument, Shahar et al. (2016) carried out a cross-sectional study for determining the influence of self-motivation and family support towards the glycemic control and dietary compliance among the outpatients of DM type 2. The authors provided a clear statement of the aims of the research which include the management of DM in an experimental condition. About 35 study subjects were involved in the experimental settings of Malaysia wherein fasting blood glucose levels were obtained for studying them. This was followed by data collection by face to face interviews for obtaining dietary intake and socio-demographic information. Analysis of the collected data required extensive calculations and therefore, the selected quantitative method was appropriate to investigate the management of DM. The aim of the research was well addressed from the research findings as the study highlighted the critical issues related to the poor compliance to diet as it was associated with soc ial support and self-motivation which was well supported by the research design. The data analysis was done by using the SPSS software for the purpose of descriptive analysis to find out the correlation between self-motivation and family support with dietary compliance. The authors provided a clear statement of the findings as it stated that family support and self-motivation are the crucial factors that can help to increase the compliance towards the counseling of diet and the management of DM. The research was valuable from the point that it was successful to establish the fact that DM can be managed without the external interventions and rigorous processes and its implications will be fruitful for the people suffering from the disease. To carry on with the argument, Carallo et al. (2015) tested the effectiveness of an integrated care program for the management of DM type 2 that was compared with ordinary diligence. The authors employed a new organizational model named Progetto Diabete Calabria for the management of DM which was based on the empowerment of general practitioners by using electronic health records that are web based. The authors provided a clear statement of the aims of the research as they aimed to verify the efficacy of the organizational model in association with the ordinary care in a clinical setting. For addressing the research aims, the research design was appropriate as telemedicine has a profound effect on the clinical management of the patients with the exchange of medical data among the consultants and general practitioners. The strategic method of employing voice or video consultation was also crucial to maintain the contact between the hospital consultants and the general physicians. Data collection was done in a way that addressed the research issue of management of DM as the researchers collected the biochemical and clinical parameters for statistical analysis of the collected data using SPSS software. There was a clear statement of the study findings as the authors demonstrated that the program of healthcare is based on the empowerment of the general physicians was found to be equally effective to the standard management of DM. However, the study had the limitation that the participation of the study samples was on a voluntary basis for the patients and patients. Therefore, only motivated participants were selected for the study and the findings were not implicated on to the general population for the management of DM. On a similar note, Catherine et al. (2014) carried out a cohort study for determining the patient intervention of self-management that was web based on the clinical and psychological outcomes for the management of DM type 2. The authors carried out the study as they considered that self-management training for the patients could be an effective strategy for the improvement of the quality of care and for doing this, they employed qualitative individual interviews and repeated measures modeling. The selected research design of the quantitative study was appropriately framed for addressing the aims of the research. The data collection process included in-depth interviews for exploring the mediators, weaknesses, strengths and acceptability of using websites and this procedure completely addressed the research issue. The selected research design was user centered design as the intervention procedure involved behavior change strategies and evidence-based content that addressed the aim of t he research. The data analysis was carried out using linear mixed models which were sufficiently rigorous to demonstrate the management of DM by web based interventions. The ethical issues have been taken into consideration as the study was approved by the research ethics board however, the study did not adequately consider the relationship between the participants and the researchers. The study had the limitation that the concerns of competing health have been identified as the barrier to the self-management process that was web based and the design was non-randomized. The research is valuable from the aspect that web services are used by people worldwide for health information and therefore, this study can be effective for self-management of DM. From the critiqued studies, it was found that the management of DM can be done using different approaches and strategies. Apart from these strategies, self-management of DM type 2 can be done with exercise and dietary modifications, regular monitoring of the complications and self-monitoring of the levels of blood glucose (Zatalia Sanusi, 2013). The prime goal of the management of DM is to prevent the complication development and elimination of symptoms. Controlling blood pressure and glycemia comprises of the microvascular risk reduction and smoking cessation, control of hypertension and lipids and glycemia control comprises of the macrovascular risk reduction. References Carallo, C., Scavelli, F. B., Cipolla, M., Merante, V., Medaglia, V., Irace, C., ... Calabria, P. D. (2015). Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus through Telemedicine.PloS one,10(5), e0126858. Catherine, H. Y., Parsons, J. A., Mamdani, M., Lebovic, G., Hall, S., Newton, D., ... Straus, S. E. (2014). A web-based intervention to support self-management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: effect on self-efficacy, self-care and diabetes distress.BMC medical informatics and decision making,14(1), 1. SHAHAR, S., FAKHRUDDIN, M., NIK, N. N. I., HUI, K. J., SUHAIMI, S., FARHANA, N., ... IBRAHIM, N. (2016). Family Support and Self-Motivation Influence Dietary Compliance and Glycaemic Control among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Outpatients.Malaysian Journal of Health Sciences/Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia,14(2). Shrivastava, S. R., Shrivastava, P. S., Ramasamy, J. (2013). Role of self-care in management of diabetes mellitus.Journal of Diabetes Metabolic Disorders,12(1), 1. Zatalia, S. R., Sanusi, H. (2013). The role of antioxidants in the pathophysiology, complications, and management of diabetes mellitus.Acta medica Indonesiana,45(2), 141-147.